Plicatura de la bolsa Bogotá en cierre difícil de la pared abdominal / Bogotá Pouch Plication in Difficult Closure of the Abdominal Wall

Introducción: El cierre con pérdida masiva de tejido de la pared abdominal constituye un reto en la cirugía. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de cierre abdominal difícil donde se utilizó la técnica plicatura de la bolsa Bogotá hasta lograr aproximación de los planos cutáneo, muscular y aponeurótico. Caso clínico: Paciente recibido en emergencias con herida perforo-cortante en fosa lumbar izquierda. En la intervención se encontró hemoperitoneo por lesión esplénica, diafragmática y sección del ángulo esplénico del colon. Se le realizó esplenectomía, pleurostomía izquierda y rafia de lesión colónica. Pasadas cinco horas se reintervino por signos de choque y se encontró hematoma retroperitoneal y sección completa del polo superior del riñón izquierdo. Se le realizó nefrectomía izquierda. Al quinto día del posoperatorio mostró signos peritoneales y la exploración confirmó peritonitis fecaloidea por dehiscencia de sutura de colon. Se lavó cavidad y se le ejecutó colostomía tipo Devine. La pérdida masiva de pared abdominal obligó a emplear una plicatura de la bolsa Bogotá para aproximar ambos colgajos, se obtuvo aproximación paulatina hasta la síntesis de la pared. Conclusiones: El abdomen catastrófico es una condición grave y de difícil tratamiento. La bolsa Bogotá es una alternativa viable para esta condición y modificada con plicaturas paulatinas permite el acercamiento de los dos colgajos cutáneos y garantiza el cierre de la pared abdominal, además de ser una técnica fácil de usar y económica(AU)

Introduction: Closure with massive loss of abdominal wall tissue is a challenge in surgery. Objective: To report a case of difficult abdominal closure where the Bogotá bag technique was used until the approximation of the cutaneous, muscular and aponeurotic planes was achieved. Clinical case report: This patient was received in the emergency room with a perforating-cutting wound in the left lumbar fossa. In the intervention, hemoperitoneum was found due to splenic and diaphragmatic injury and section of the splenic flexure of the colon. Splenectomy, left pleurostomy and colonic injury raffia were performed. After five hours, the patient was operated again due to signs of shock. We found a retroperitoneal hematoma and a complete section of the upper pole of the left kidney. It was decided to perform left nephrectomy. On the fifth postoperative day, this patient showed peritoneal signs and examination confirmed fecal peritonitis due to dehiscence of the colon suture. Cavity was washed and a Devine-type colostomy was performed. The massive loss of the abdominal wall made it necessary to use a plication of the Bogotá bag to approximate both flaps, a gradual approximation was obtained until the synthesis of the wall. Conclusions: The catastrophic abdomen is a serious condition that is difficult to treat. The Bogotá bag is a viable alternative for this condition and modified with gradual plications, it allows the two skin flaps to approach each other and guarantees the closure of the abdominal wall, in addition to being an easy-to-use and economical technique(AU)

Splenic flexure cancer: surgical procedures and extent of lymphadenectomy / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Splenic flexure colon cancer occurs at a relatively lower rate than colon cancer of other sites. It is also associated with more advanced disease and higher rate of acute obstruction. The splenic flexure receives blood supply from both superior and inferior mesenteric arteries (SMA and IMA), and therefore has lymphatic drainage to both areas. The blood supply is also highly variable, causing difficulties in determining the main feeding vessels and the main direction of lymph drainage. Few studies with limited cases focused on this specific tumor site with respect to the patterns of lymph node spread, especially the main lymph node status and the value of its dissection. The lack of information limits the development of a consensus on the extent of surgical resection and lymphadenectomy. Adequate mobilization of the colon facilitates a sufficient length of bowel resection and the high ligation of feeding arteries from both SMA and IMA. Further evidence on the chnoice of procedures and the extent of lymph node dissection need multicenter collaboration, with the use of modern techniques, including CT 3D reconstruction of the colon and angiography, as well as intraoperative fluorescent real-time imaging of lymph nodes.

Delayed gastric emptying after surgery for transverse colon cancer: diagnosis, management and prevention / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Delayed gastric emptying is a syndrome of gastric motility disorder with slow gastric emptying as the main sign, provided that mechanical factors such as intestinal obstruction and anastomotic stricture are excluded. The incidence of delayed gastric emptying after colon cancer surgery is 1.4%, mainly after transverse colon cancer surgery. Most of the studies on delayed gastric emptying are case reports, lacking systematic studies. The diagnoses and treatments can be draw on the experience of delayed gastric emptying after pancreatic surgery. Our retrospective study indicated that the incidence of delayed gastric emptying after surgery for transverse colon cancer was 4.0%, higher than that for other colon cancer. Patients who underwent gastrocolic ligament lymph node dissection were at higher risk than those who did not (3.6% vs. 0.8%). Gastrocolic ligament lymph node dissection and stress are causative factors for delayed gastric emptying after surgery for transverse colon cancer. We add the gastrografin test upon the diagnostic criteria of the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery, which is simple and practical. Nasogastric tube decompression, enteral nutrition combined with parenteral nutrition, glucocorticoids, and prokinetic agents can cure most patients with postoperative delayed gastric emptying. All the patients with postoperative delayed gastric emptying were cured in our studies. Strict indications for gastrocolic ligament lymph node dissection (patients with cT3-4 and cN+) may decrease the occurrence of delayed gastric emptying after surgery for transverse colon cancer.

Enfermedad hidatídica en un paciente con vólvulo de colon transverso estrangulado / Hydatid Disease in a Patient with Strangulated Volvulus of the Transverse Colon

Introducción: La hidatidosis es una zoonosis de distribución mundial con alta incidencia en Argentina, Uruguay, Australia, Grecia y Portugal. Dada la escasa sintomatología que habitualmente produce la enfermedad hidatídica, su diagnóstico se realiza de manera casual por estudios radiológicos fortuitos o durante una laparotomía por otras causas. Por otra parte, la volvulación del colon transverso es un evento raro en la población mundial. Objetivo: Analizar, basados en la literatura relacionada, un caso portador de ambas entidades simultáneamente. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo masculino de 64 años con condiciones de vida deficientes, que acude a consulta por presentar cuadro clínico de oclusión intestinal mecánica. Los estudios preoperatorios muestran un quiste hidatídico en pulmón derecho. En el acto operatorio se encuentra otro quiste hidatídico en el lóbulo izquierdo del hígado y el colon transverso volvulado como causa de la oclusión. Conclusiones: Pocas veces coinciden 2 condiciones médicas infrecuentes en un mismo paciente. Ambas entidades suponen un reto terapéutico cuando se abordan en situaciones de urgencia como en el reporte. En zonas endémicas debe tenerse una alta sospecha clínica con el fin de obtener un diagnóstico adecuado y poder ofrecer un manejo oportuno. La cirugía, en la mayor proporción de pacientes, es prioritaria(AU)

Introduction: Hydatidosis is a worldwide distribution zoonosis with high incidence in Argentina, Uruguay, Australia, Greece and Portugal. Given the scarce symptoms usually produced by hydatid disease, its diagnosis is made inadvertently by fortuitous radiological studies or during laparotomy for other causes. On the other hand, transverse colon volvulus is a rare event in the world population. Objective: To analyze, based on the related literature, the case of a patient with both entities simultaneously. Clinical case: A 64-year-old male patient with poor living conditions came to the medical office due to a clinical picture of mechanical intestinal obstruction. Preoperative studies show a hydatid cyst in the right lung. During the operative act, another hydatid cyst is found in the left lobe of the liver, apart from the transverse colon volvulus due to the occlusion. Conclusions: Rarely do two infrequent medical conditions coincide in the same patient. Both entities pose a therapeutic challenge when they are approached in emergency situations, as they have been reported here. In endemic areas, a high clinical suspicion must be considered, in order to obtain an adequate diagnosis and be able to offer timely management. Surgery, in the largest proportion of patients, is a priority(AU)

Intraoperative anatomical observation of mesentery morphology of colonic splenic flexure / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: At present, surgeons do not know enough about the mesenteric morphology of the colonic splenic flexure, resulting in many problems in the complete mesenteric resection of cancer around the splenic flexure. In this study, the morphology of the mesentery during the mobilization of the colonic splenic flexure was continuously observed in vivo, and from the embryological point of view, the unique mesenteric morphology of the colonic splenic flexure was reconstructed in three dimensions to help surgeons further understand the mesangial structure of the region. Methods: A total of 9 patients with left colon cancer who underwent laparoscopic radical resection with splenic flexure mobilization by the same group of surgeons in Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2018 to June 2019 were enrolled. The splenic flexure was mobilized using a "three-way approach" strategy based on a middle-lateral approach. During the process of splenic flexure mobilization, the morphology of the transverse mesocolon and descending mesocolon were observed and reconstructed from the embryological point of view. The lower margin of the pancreas was set as the axis, and 4 pictures for each patient (section 1-section 4) were taken during middle-lateral mobilization. Results: The median operation time of the splenic flexure mobilization procedure was 31 (12-55) minutes, and the median bleeding volume was 5 (2-30) ml. One patient suffered from lower splenic vessel injury during the operation and the bleeding was stopped successfully after hemostasis with an ultrasound scalpel. The transverse mesocolon root was observed in all 9 (100%) patients, locating under pancreas, whose inner side was more obvious and tough, and the structure gradually disappeared in the tail of the pancreatic body, replaced by smooth inter-transitional mesocolon and dorsal lobes of the descending colon. The mesenteric morphology of the splenic flexure was reconstructed by intraoperative observation. The transverse mesocolon was continuous with a fan-shaped descending mesocolon. During the embryonic stage, the medial part (section 1-section 2) of the transverse mesocolon and the descending mesocolon were pulled and folded by the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Then, the transverse mesocolon root was formed by compression of the pancreas on the folding area of the transverse mesocolon and the descending mesocolon. The lateral side of the transverse mesocolon root (section 3-section 4) was distant from the mechanical traction of the SMA, and the corresponding folding area was not compressed by the tail of the pancreas. The posterior mesangial lobe of the transverse mesocolon and the descending mesocolon were continuous with each other, forming a smooth lobe. This smooth lobe laid flat on the corresponding membrane bed composed of the tail of pancreas, Gerota's fascia and inferior pole of the spleen. Conclusions: From an embryological point of view, this study reconstructs the mesenteric morphology of the splenic flexure and proposes a transverse mesocolon root structure that can be observed consistently intraopertively. Cutting the transverse mesocolon root at the level of Gerota's fascia can ensure the complete resection of the mesentery of the transverse colon.

Volvo do cólon transverso: uma causa rara de abdome agudo cirúrgico / Transverse colon volvulus: a rare cause of surgical acute abdomen

O volvo do cólon é uma condição cirúrgica incomum que ocorre devido a uma torção do eixo mesentérico, situação que resulta em redução parcial ou completa do trânsito intestinal. O cólon sigmóide é o segmento mais envolvido. O presente estudo descreve caso raro de abdome agudo provocado por um volvo do cólon transverso, associado a obstrução intestinal. A tomografia de abdome evidenciou importante distensão e níveis hidroaéreos nos cólons ascendente e transverso, com interposição de alça entre a cúpula diafragmática direita e o dômus hepático (Sinal de Chilaiditi). Foi submetido a laparotomia exploradora com colectomia direita extendida e anastomose íleocólica látero-lateral. O paciente apresentou boa evolução pós operatória. O diagnóstico dessa patologia nem sempre é feito com facilidade, sendo na maior parte dos casos o diagnóstico definitivo realizado no intra-operatória. (AU)

Colonic volvulus is an uncommon surgical condition that occurs due to a twisting around the mesenteric axis, which results in partial or complete reduction in intestinal transit. The sigmoid colon is the most commonly affected segment. We report a rare case of acute abdomen caused by transverse colon volvulus, associated with intestinal obstruction. Abdominal computed tomography showed significant distension and air-fluid levels in the ascending and transverse colons, with loop interposition between the liver and right hemidiaphragm (Chilaiditi's sign). The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with extended right colectomy and side-to-side ileocolic anastomosis. The postoperative period was uneventful. Diagnosis of this condition is not always easy, and in most cases a definitive diagnosis is made intraoperatively. (AU)

Hemangioma de colon Descripción de caso y revisión de la literatura / HEMANGIOMA OF THE COLON. Case report and literature review

El hemangioma de colon y recto es una entidad poco frecuente. El tipo cavernoso, es aún más raro por lo que existen pocos reportes de esta patología. Afecta mayormente al recto y al sigmoides, y el modo de presentación más común es la proctorragia indolora en el 90% de los casos. Más frecuente en adultos jóvenes. Esta entidad para su diagnóstico requiere alta sospecha y la realización de los estudios pertinentes ya que suele confundírsela con patologías más comunes. En esta revisión se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 58 años con un hemangioma cavernoso de colon transverso que se manifestó inicialmente como hematoquecia asociada a astenia. Luego de realizar estudios complementarios, se decide conducta quirúrgica. Se realizó resección de colon transverso con buena evolución postoperatoria. El resultado de anatomía patológica nos informa Hemangioma Cavernoso de colon transverso.

The hemangioma of the colon and rectum is a rare entity. The cavernous type is even more rare, so there are few reports of this pathology. It mainly affects the rectum and the sigmoid, and the most common presentation is painless proctorrhagia in 90% of cases. More frequent in young adults. This entity for its diagnosis requires high suspicion and the realization of the pertinent studies since it is usually confused with more common pathologies. In this review we present the case of a 58-year-old male patient with a cavernous hemangioma of the transverse colon that initially manifested as hematochezia associated with asthenia. After performing complementary studies, surgical behavior is decided. Transverse colon resection was performed with good postoperative evolution. The result of pathological anatomy informs us Cavernous hemangioma of transverse colon

Left colectomy with intracoporeal anastomosis: technical aspects / Colectomia esquerda com anastomose intracorpórea: aspectos técnicos

Oncologic laparoscopic colectomy represents a fully validated surgical approach to the management of colorectal cancer. However, laparoscopic surgery for distal transverse and descending colon lesions remains a challenging procedure. A total laparoscopic approach to the left colectomy is an interesting option for critically ill patients although reports in the literature on this subject are scarce and its approach still not standardized because of its selective nature for indication. There are several advantages associated with conduction of totally laparoscopic approach to the left colon. Intracorporeal vessel sealing ensures an adequate lymph node dissection. Moreover, it enables the construction of a well-vascularized anastomosis. Ultimately, the occurrence of late wound complications are possibly reduced for the placement of a low abdominal incision exclusively used for specimen extraction. This paper aimed at describing our technique for a totally laparoscopic left colectomy for distal transverse and descending colon lesions.

A colectomia oncológica por videolaparoscopia representa uma abordagem cirúrgica validada no tratamento radical do câncer colorretal. No entanto, a cirurgia laparoscópica para lesões de cólon transverso e descendente distal persiste como um procedimento tecnicamente complexo. A abordagem totalmente laparoscópica para a realização da colectomia esquerda é uma opção interessante para pacientes selecionados, ainda que parcialmente avaliada na literatura e, sobretudo, carecendo de padronização técnica, devido à natureza seletiva de sua indicação. Existem várias vantagens associadas à realização da colectomia esquerda totalmente laparoscópica. A realização do controle vascular por videolaparoscopia assegura uma adequada extensão da dissecção linfonodal. Além disso, permite a construção de uma anastomose bem vascularizada. Finalmente, a ocorrência de complicações tardias da ferida pode ser reduzida devido ao emprego de uma incisão abdominal utilizada exclusivamente para a retirada do amostra cirúrgica. Este artigo teve como objetivo descrever uma proposta técnica de padronização da colectomia esquerda totalmente laparoscópica para lesões de cólon transverso e descendente distal.

Vólvulo del colon transverso / [Tranverse colon volvulus].

The volvulus of the colon is a relatively common cause of colonic obstruction, mainly in the sigmoid colon, less frequent in the caecum, and rarely in the transverse colon. Multidetector tomography (MDCT) is able to establish the diagnosis showing dilated loops of proximal right and transverse colon, which depend on the time scale of evolution, with an abrupt transition site at the splenic flexure and a secondary torsion of the transverse colon mesentery. Volvulus of the transverse requires surgical detorsion in adults. Among the therapeutic options, simple detorsion or detorsion associated with a colopexy are included, but both have high rates of recurrence compared to resection techniques. Surgical resection of the involved segment is required prior to gangrene and perforation. Resection with or without primary anastomosis is the treatment of choice and prevents recurrence. The transverse colon volvulus is a disease of very low frequency and clinical diagnosis may be difficult. The management remains controversial. We stress that although many surgeons will never see a case of transverse colon volvulus, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis of intermittent abdominal pain or acute intestinal obstruction.

Assessing the extent of colon lengthening due to splenic flexure mobilization techniques: a cadaver study / Impacto das técnicas de mobilização do ângulo esplênico sobre o alongamento do cólon esquerdo para a anastomose colorretal: estudo em cadáver

CONTEXT: Failure of a colorectal anastomosis represents a life-threatening complication of colorectal surgery. Splenic flexure mobilization may contribute to reduce the occurrence of anastomotic complications due to technical flaws. There are no published reports measuring the impact of splenic flexure mobilization on the length of mobilized colon viable to construct a safe colorectal anastomosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of two techniques for splenic flexure mobilization on colon lengthening during open left-sided colon surgery using a cadaver model. DESIGN: Anatomical dissections for left colectomy and colorectal anastomosis at the sacral promontory level were conducted in 20 fresh cadavers by the same team of four surgeons. The effect of partial and full splenic flexure mobilization on the extent of mobilized left colon segment was determined. SETTING: University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Tertiary medical institution and university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A team of four surgeons operated on 20 fresh cadavers. RESULTS: The length of resected left colon enabling a tension-free colorectal anastomosis at the level of sacral promontory achieved without mobilizing the splenic flexure was 46.3 (35-81) cm. After partial mobilization of the splenic flexure, an additionally mobilized colon segment measuring 10.7 (2-30) cm was obtained. After full mobilization of the distal transverse colon, a mean 28.3 (10-65) cm segment was achieved. CONCLUSION: Splenic flexure mobilization techniques are associated to effective left colon lengthening for colorectal anastomosis. This result may contribute to decision-making during rectal surgery and low colorectal and coloanal anastomosis.

CONTEXTO: A deiscência de uma anastomose colorretal representa uma complicação possivelmente fatal na cirurgia colorretal. A mobilização da flexura esplênica pode contribuir para reduzir a ocorrência de complicações da anastomose secundárias a falhas técnicas. Não há trabalhos publicados medindo o impacto da mobilização da flexura esplênica no comprimento do cólon mobilizado viável para a confecção de uma anastomose segura. OBJETIVO: determinar o efeito de duas técnicas de mobilização da flexura esplênica no aumento do comprimento do cólon durante colectomia esquerda aberta, utilizando modelo em cadáver. DESENHO: Dissecções anatômicas para a colectomia esquerda e anastomose colorretal ao nível do promontório sacral foram conduzidas em 20 cadáveres frescos pelo mesmo grupo de quatro cirurgiões. O efeito da mobilização da flexura esplênica parcial e total na extensão do segmento do cólon esquerdo mobilizado foi determinado. LOCAL: Centro Médico da Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo (SP), Brasil. Instituição médica terciária e hospital universitário. PARTICIPANTES: Um time de quatro cirurgiões operando em 20 cadáveres frescos. RESULTADOS: O comprimento do cólon esquerdo dissecado permitindo uma anastomose sem tensão ao nível do promontório sacral sem a mobilização da flexura esplênica foi de 46,3 (35-81) cm. Após a mobilização parcial da flexura esplênica, um segmento adicional de cólon medindo 10,7 (2-30) cm foi obtido. Após a mobilização completa do cólon transverso distal, um segmento em média de 28,3 (10-65) cm foi obtido. CONCLUSÃO: Técnicas de mobilização da flexura esplênica estão associadas a um aumento efetivo no comprimento do cólon esquerdo para anastomoses colorretais. Esse resultado pode contribuir na tomada de decisões durante a cirurgia retal e anastomoses colorretais baixas e coloanais.

Transverse colon volvulus: case report and review of literature

Transverse colon volvulus is an uncommon cause of large bowel obstruction. Clinical presentation is not specific and therefore, diagnosis is usually made by radiological investigation. Plain abdominal radiograph resembles sigmoid volvulus, but gastrograsphin enema in non emergency cases will reveal a more proximal obstruction. Therapy consists of urgent surgery, usually with resection of the twisted transverse colon. We present a case with an overview of the literature

Estudo anátomo-cirúrgico do cólon transverso do eqüino por acesso paralombar esquerdo / Anatomic and surgical study of the equine transverse colon from left paralombar aprouch

O cólon transverso é um estreitamento do canal alimentar, sujeito a sofrer processos obstrutivos. A ampliação do conhecimento sobre essa estrutura e adjacentes é de grande importância cirúrgica. Neste estudo foram utilizados 10 cadáveres de eqüinos de diferentes raças, idades e sexos, divididos em dois grupos de cinco. No primeiro grupo foi realizada uma incisão no 16º espaço intercostal esquerdo e posterior ressecção da 16ª costela. No segundo grupo a incisão foi feita sobre a 17ª costela com a remoção da mesma. Todas as estruturas identificadas foram registradas em fichas individuais, assim como a extensão exteriorizada do cólon transverso. Em todas os animais o cólon transverso foi totalmente visualizado e parcialmente exteriorizado, sendo que houve melhor manipulação e exteriorização no segundo grupo, além da maior facilidade no emprego da técnica, com a incisão sobre a costela a ser ressecada. Dessa forma, concluímos que o cólon transverso pode ser acessado pela fossa paralombar esquerda, sendo que a remoção da 17ª costela proporciona o melhor acesso para essa estrutura.

The transverse colon is a constriction of the bowel lumen, which canbe submitted to obstructive process. The knowledge enlargement about this structure and the adjacent ones has a great surgical importance. For such study, ten anatomic pieces, from equines corpses of different breed, age and sex, were used and divided in two groups. In the first group an incision was made in the left 16 intercostal space and farther resection of the 16 rib. In the second group an incision was made over the 17 rib, before its ressection. All the identified structures were registered into individual files, such as the extension of the exteriorized portion. In all of the studied pieces, the transverse colon was entirely visualized and partially exteriorized. However, we had better handling and exteriorization in the second group, as well as we noticed its technique was of easier execution. In accordance with the results, through this work is possible to conclude that the transverse colon can be approached by the left flank, and that the removal of the 17 rib provides a better access to the transverse colon.